《英语报刊选读》平时作业 

综合练习题

一、 Translate the following into Chinese

1. UNESCO

2. the Communist regime

3. The Times

4. Business Today

5. Update News

6. M.A.degree

7. Assistantship

8. sophomores

9. a cap and gown

10． The Judiciary Committee

11. ex-congressman

12. U.S. State Department

13. the Virgin Mary

14. secretary of state for foreign and commonwealth affairs

15. the European Commission

16. Initial Public Offers

17. joint venture

18. freshmen

19. federalist

20．Whitewatergate

21. Smaller establishments

22. Financial Times

23. Associated Press

24. National Bureau of Economic Research

25. dissertation

26. open-book exam

27. positive campaigning

28. bagman

29. Wall street

30． Parliamentary democracy

31. The Wall Street Journal

32. bankruptcy lawyer

33. entertainments

34. Bargain hunting

35. open-book exam

36. homecoming

37. the Clinton administration

38. senior

39.   quarter system

40． United States Claims Court

41. The Daily Telegraphy

42. the Republicans

43.   left wing

44. the People's Temple (in U.S.)

45. the Massachusetts Institute of Technology

46. undergraduate program

47. take-home exam

48. Economic Recovery Tax Act

49. gender gap

50． feature

二、 Translate the underlined parts into Chinese

•  Although the Communist regime recognizes the challenge, tackling it has turned out to be a relatively slow and haphazard business.

•  In a matter of weeks, the youngest man in the room – a 26-year-old former national math champion named Shao Yibo – scribbled down a business proposal, sold his belongings and left for Shanghai, where he launched a Chinese version of the Internet auction giant, eBay.

•  That's when colleges flood the postal system with news of who has won a place in next fall's freshman class.

•  They are relaxed and casual with their gestures and body language, removing their jackets and adopting the most comfortable seating position.

5. When negotiating partners meet the emphasis is on small talk and smiling.

•  She has few friends in Beijing, and she still feels a need to tread lightly on the set.

•  Education requires a relationship between people because it's a process of identify formation, validation, encouragement, emulation, and inspiration.

8. Lobbying is big money. A highpowered organization will charge and annual retainer of $200,000 or more. Hourly fees range up to $400 for the superlobbyists. To put a premium on winning, some contracts include “success bonus” clauses.

9. Mr. Bush, who as a candidate called himself “a uniter, not a divider,” will enter the White House without the residue of bitterness over the previous administration that had attached itself, despite his best efforts, to Mr. Gore.

10. People have no support, and they're susceptible to anyone who is able to tap into their insecurity.

11. Others have deteriorated beyond the repair efforts of Chinese and foreign experts , including workers from the Getty Conservation Institute in Los Angeles.

•  The producers are taking a real risk to have me host the show,” she says. “I've gotten a lot of my values from abroad, and the show has no script. ”

•  le chat animatedly among themselves until the professor arrives and starts reading aloud from a picture book about a young boy's trek to the library.

•  Krueger says this is because characteristics attributed to selective colleges were actually the characteristics of the students, not of the schools.

15. Children from wealthier backgrounds are more likely to have a grasp on the upper rungs of the labor market.

•  With millions or even billions of dollars on the line in bills before Congress, the stakes run high.

17. It is a rare night in Washington that does not see several fund-raising cocktail parties and other events where lobbyists make up a big share of the donors to incumbents in Congress.

18. US negotiators usually attach little importance to status, title, formalities and protocol.

19. The negotiation will proceed in a well-prepared, calm, matter-of-fact and pragmatic manner, all laced with a substantial dose of humor.

20. For a 40 pounds annual premium, Millennium Insurance Management promises a 40,000 pounds payout to any policy-holder upon diagnosis.

•  Carved directly into a cliff face in the Gobi Desert, the Mogao caves contain a millenium's worth of work by travelers along the old Silk Road who turned countless small caves into stunningly painted shrines between the 4 th and 14 th centuries.

•  True, the majority of graduate students still favor bricks-and-mortar institutions and all that typically comes with them , from ivy-covered buildings to chance encounters with peers and professors between classes.

•  Is it worth paying some $125,000 to give their child an education at an elite private college?

•  There's plenty of anecdotal evidence that an elite education is hardly necessary.

25. Asian Americans consider the “model minority” image a misleading stereotype that masks individuality and conceals real problems.

26. Lobbyists quickly developed an unsavory reputation of being bagmen who conducted the people's business around the poker table.

•  Some firms, such as one headed by Nancy Reynolds, a friend of the Reagans, and Anne Wexler, a former key aide in the Carter White House , specialize in coalition building and grassroots lobbying.

28. Although business communication in the US is pleasant and easygoing, it is at the same time ruthlessly focused.

29. The trouble is that this material concerns itself mostly with the “what” behind the business and not on the more subtle questions of “how” and “why” business and communication patterns differ.

30. India's core institutions, from an independent judiciary and a feisty free press to a massive, nuclear-but always apolitical-military, are anchored by roots more than half a century old.

•  As interest grows, more and more schools are investing in remote learning, from big publics like Pennsylvania State and elite universities like Stanford to for-profit institution like the University of Phoenix.

•  The economic literature on the payoff of graduating from an elite college, however, as opposed to any college, is far less conclusive.

•  Congress has been reluctant to tamper with laws guaranteeing the right of citizens to petition their government.

•  Says an ex-congressman who represents a trade associations: “ Knowing your way around town and having access to important people is critical to someone who has a problem and is bewildered about the intricacies of government.”

35. It was a bitter ending for Mr. Gore, who had outpolled Mr. Bush natioanwide by some 300,000 votes, but, without Florida, fell short in the Electoral College by 271 votes to 267 – the narrowest Electoral College victory since the turbulent election of 1876.

36. US business is described by the lyrics of the song New York , New York: “ If you can make it here, you can make it anywhere! ”

37. Sandwiches and drinks in plastic or boxes are served during conferences. Your business partners tend to act casually in the office and chat about their family.

38. Put all this together and the surprise is not that India is gatecrashing the elite superpower league, but that it has not happened earlier.

39. Kumaramangalam says that “ the political will to forge ahead with these faster second-generation reforms is more evident today. ”

40. Most studies use future income, the favorite yardstick of those dead souls called economists.

•  As interest grows, more and more schools are investing in remote learning, from big publics like Pennsylvania State and elite universities like Stanford to for-profit institution like the University of Phoenix.

•  The economic literature on the payoff of graduating from an elite college, however, as opposed to any college, is far less conclusive.

•  That's when colleges flood the postal system with news of who has won a place in next fall's freshman class.

•  They are relaxed and casual with their gestures and body language, removing their jackets and adopting the most comfortable seating position.

45. True, the majority of graduate students still favor bricks-and-mortar institutions and all that typically comes with them , from ivy-covered buildings to chance encounters with peers and professors between classes.

46. Is it worth paying some $125,000 to give their child an education at an elite private college?

•  It is a rare night in Washington that does not see several fund-raising cocktail parties and other events where lobbyists make up a big share of the donors to incumbents in Congress.

48. US negotiators usually attach little importance to status, title, formalities and protocol.

49. Mr. Bush, who as a candidate called himself “a uniter, not a divider,” will enter the White House without the residue of bitterness over the previous administration that had attached itself, despite his best efforts, to Mr. Gore.

50. People have no support, and they're susceptible to anyone who is able to tap into their insecurity.

三、 Read the following passage and answer the questions.

Passage 1

Best Graduate Schools

More people are getting degrees without

stepping onto a university campus

By Carolyn Kleiner

A rollicking children' s tune blares as students enter LIS 406 – a graduate-level library science course at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. ~ People chat animatedly among themselves until the professor arrives and starts reading aloud from a picture book about a young boy's trek to the library. Some students listen intently; others whisper back and forth about the story or the weather. Afterward, the class splits into discussion groups. All in all, LIS 406 is a typical course-- except for one fact: The classroom is a virtual one, with students logging in from bedrooms and offices all over the globe.

      True, the majority of graduate students still favor bricks-and mortar institutions and all that typically comes with them, from ivy covered buildings to chance encounters with peers and professors between classes. ~ Yet a growing number of people are pursuing advanced degrees without stepping onto a university campus. In just the past year, remote enrollment has more than tripled, to 4,441, at the University of Maryland University College, one of the most established distance-ed providers. Now, fully 1 in 10 of the more than 2 million individuals taking graduate-level courses is enrolled in distance-education classes, according to the most recent report by the National Center for Education Statistics. As interest grows, more and more schools are investing in remote learning, from big publics like Pennsylvania State and elite universities like Stanford to for-profit institutions like the University of Phoenix.

      Anytime, anyplace. Why the huge upsurge of interest in remote learning? The Internet revolution~ is part of the answer. The Web now provides a formerly missing ingredient in distance education quick and easy communication between students and instructors, and among classmates. In addition, demand for distance courses has burgeoned thanks to the evolution of the information-based economy. "To stay employable,   [ workers] need to keep on learning," says Kay Kohl, executive director of the University Continuing Education Association, an organization of more than 400 schools. This trend has given rise to an older pool of graduate students: Today, more than half are over age 30, and nearly one quarter are over 40. Distance education often is a great fit for these working adults, many of whom find it difficult to skip a child's ballet lesson or fight rush-hour traffic to get to a university campus for class.

      "I had always wanted a master's degree, but it's hard to suspend a career and a family for it, especially when the closest school of public health is four hours away," says Jerry Parks, 45, assistant health director for Albemarle Regional Health Services in eastern North Carolina. As it turns out, he didn't have to move or commute to get his degree: After three years of coursework via teleconferencing and the Internet, Parks is finishing up a master's from the School of Public Health at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill.

      As more people turn to distance education, a debate has flared over whether it can be a good substitute for face-to-face instruction. Thomas Russell, author of a 1999 report titled "The No Significant Difference Phenomenon," which reviews more than 350 studies of distance-learning programs, argues that the two modes of instruction are equivalent as far as student learning is concerned. Rebecca Behrend, for one, believes that distance ed is the superior choice. Behrend, 45, obtained a doctoral degree in clinical psychology last spring from Walden University, a respected virtual institution. She says the discussions between student and professor, and among peers, were more rigorous than those she experienced in the two on-campus master's programs she previously attended. "We needed to cite references for everything we said [ in E-mail postings]," explains Behrend.   "It wasn't like the usual chatting in the classroom."

      But critics say that many of the studies cited in Russell's book are poorly designed, and they vehemently disagree with his point of view "I don't think you can get any education over the Internet," says David Noble, a historian of technology at York University in Toronto. "Education requires a relationship between people because it's a process of identity formation, validation, encouragement, emulation, and inspiration. This only happens face to face."

      Even advocates acknowledge that distance education isn't for everyone- that it takes independence, self-discipline, and a lot of motivation to succeed. Further, the quality of distance-degree programs is uneven. "A majority of universities have entered the distance-learning market rapidly and are not well prepared," says Vicky Phillips, coauthor of The Best Distance Learning Graduate Schools (Princeton Review Publishing, 1999, $ 20). "Students run the risk of being guinea pigs." Thus, it's important to consider an array of factors before choosing a school:   accreditation,   program history,   cost,   academic field, residency, and technology.

          (From U.S. News & World Report, April 10, 2000)

Questions:

•  Why are virtual institutions thought of as best graduate schools?

•  Why is the huge upsurge of interest in remote learning?

•  Will the distance education substitute the traditional

•  What's the advantage of remote learning?

5. What are the factors you should consider before you choose a distant-education school?

Passage 2

NAIR()BI, KENYA--How could faith beget such evil? After hundreds of members of a Ugandan cult,   the Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God~, died in what first appeared to be a suicidal fire in the village of Kanungu two weeks ago, police found 153 bodies buried in a compound used by the cult in Buhunga, 25 miles away. When investigators searched the house of a cult leader in yet another village, they discovered 155 bodies, many buried under the concrete floor of the house. Then scores more were dug up at a cult member's home. Some had been poisoned; others, often young children, strangled. By week's end, Ugandan police had counted 924 victims--including at least 530 who burned to death inside the sealed church -- exceeding the 1978 Jonestown mass suicide and killings by followers of American cult leader Jim Jones that claimed 913 lives.

     Authorities believe two of the cult' s leaders, Joseph Kibwetere, a 68-year-old former Roman Catholic catechism teacher who started the cult in 1987, and his "prophetess," Credonia Mwerinde, by some accounts a former prostitute who claimed to speak for the Virgin Mary~, may still be alive and on the run. The pair had predicted the world would end on Dec. 31,   1999. When that didn' t happen, followers who demanded the return of their possessions, which they had to surrender on joining the cult, may have been systematically killed.

     The Ugandan carnage focuses attention on the proliferation of religious cults in East Africa' s impoverished rural areas and city slums. According to the Institute for the Study of American Religion, which researches cults and sects, there are now more than 5,000 indigenous churches in Africa, some with apocalyptic or revolutionary leanings. One such group is the Jerusalem Church of Christ in Nairobi's Kawangwara slums, led by Mary Snaida-Akatsa, or "Mommy" as she is known to her thousands of followers. She prophesies about the end of the world and accuses some members of being witches. One day she brought a "special visitor" to church, an Indian Sikh man she claimed was Jesus, and told her followers to "repent or pay the consequences.

      Most experts say Africa's hardships push people to seek hope in religious cults. "These groups thrive because of poverty," says Charles Onyango-Obbo, editor of the Monitor, an independent newspaper in Uganda, and a close observer of cults. "People have no support, and they' re susceptible to anyone who is able to tap into their insecurity." Additionally, they say, AIDS, which has ravaged East Africa, may also breed a fatalism that helps apocalyptic notions take root.

      Some Africans turn to cults after rejecting mainstream Christian churches as "Western" or "non-African." Agnes Masitsa, 30, who used to attend a Catholic church before she joined the Jerusalem Church of Christ, says of Catholicism:"It's dull."

      Catholic icons. Yet, the Ugandan doomsday cult, like many of the sects, drew on features of Roman Catholicism, a strong force in the region. Catholic icons were prominent in its buildings, and some of its leaders were defrocked priests, such as Dominic Kataribabo, 32, who reportedly studied theology in the I.os Angeles area in the mid 1980s. He had told neighbors he was digging a pit in his house to install a refrigerator; police have now recovered 81 bodies from under the floor and 74 from a field nearby. Police are unsure whether Kataribabo News & World Report, April 10, 2000) in the church fire. Still, there is the question: How could so many killings have been carried out without drawing attention? Villagers were aware of Kib wetere's sect, whose followers communicated mainly through sign language and apparently were apprehensive about violating any of the cult's commandments.   There were suspicions.   Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni~ told the BBC that intelligence reports about the dangerous nature of the group had been suppressed 'by some government officials. On Thursday, police arrested an assistant district commissioner, the Rev. Amooti Mutazindwa, for allegedly holding back a report suggesting the cult posed a security threat.

     Now, there are calls for African governments to monitor cults more closely. Says Gilbert Ogutu, a professor of religious studies at the University of Nairobi. "When cult leaders lose support, they become dangerous."

Questions:

•  Why did so many Ugandans die in faith?

•  What did Mary Snaida-Akatsa prophesy? Whay did she bring the Sikh man to church?

•  Why do people there seek hope in cults?

•  Why do some Africans reject Christian churches?

5. How could so many killings have been carried out without drawing attention?

Passage 3

Free-talking and fast results

In the third of fornightly series on overcomingCultural barriers, Sergey Frank examines theUS's casual but ruthlessly focused style of negotiating

How to negotiate

The US is an attractive market. Its business culture, which has brought the world “shareholder value” and “IPOs”, has been leading commercial thinking in recent years and will continue to do so. But whoever wants to succeed in the US needs to remember the rules of the game.

US business is described by the lyrics of the song New York, New York: “if you can make it here, you can make it anywhere!” Yet a euphoric approach to business is by no means enough. Although business communication in the US is pleasant and easygoing, it is at the same time ruthlessly focused.

Communicating is a natural talent of Americans. When negotiating partners meet, the emphasis is on small talk and smiling. There is liberal use of a sense of humor that is more direct than it is in the UK. If you give a talk in America, you should speak in a relaxed way and with plenty of jokes to capture your audience's attention.

Informality is the rule. Business partner renounce their academic titles on their business cards. Sandwiches and drinks in plastic or boxes are served during conferences. Your business partners tend to act casually in the office and chat about their family.

This pleasant attitude persists in the negotiation itself. US negotiators usually attach little importance to status, title, formalities and protocol. They communicate in an informal and direct manner on a first-name language, removing their jackets and adopting the most comfortable seating position.

But the focus soon intrudes. The attitude “time is money” has more influence on business communication in US than it does anywhere else. After the neutral warm-up, US negotiating partners quickly come to the point. Even social get-togethers are often used to discuss business matters with the partner.

Although American do business in a very pragmatic way, they want to win. Developing a personal relationship with the business partner is not as important as getting results.

And US negotiators tend to want those results fast. As financial results are reported every quarter, it is essential to secure profitability on a short-term basis. Hence, many US contracts contain the provision “time is of the essence” within their preamble. Hence, too, US impatience in negotiations, which should not be perceived as impoliteness, but as the corollary of “time is money”.

This attitude has a strong influence on negotiations, since strategic alliances and other long-term projects are evaluated in terms of their potential to achieve a quick return on investment.

Because the Asian negotiating approach tends to be long-term in nature, it is also one of the main reasons why so many joint ventures and alliances between US and Asian companies have failed to meet expectation.

US negotiating partners are usually aware of this difference in negotiating style, thanks to the huge supply of literature and videos on Asian business. The trouble is that this material concerns itself mostly with the “what” behind the business and not on the more subtle questions of “how” and “why” business and communication patterns differ. US executives preparing for projects abroad tend to make themselves familiar with most of the specific negotiating patterns of the other country. Yet once the negotiating situation changes, mistakes are common.

When doing business in the US, you should take the following considerations into account.

● Conducting negotiations on a highly professional level and making presentations with the help of state-of-the-art technology is appreciated in the US. You should observe a negotiated agenda, or even a draft agreement. The negotiation will proceed in a well-prepared, calm, matter-of-fact and pragmatic manner, all laced with a substantial dose of humor.

● Present and market your case in a positive way. You should not be too modest about your own company's products, services, and market position. Instead, take a “can-do” attitude.

● Moreover, do not be misled by your negotiating partner's relaxed style of communication. Subjects such as religion, politics or ethnic background should only be touched on cautiously, even in private conversation.

● The casual attitude in the US does not mean there is no hierarchy in US companies. On the contrary, status is expressed in a very subtle way, and it may take some time to gain a detailed understanding of the ranking system.

The author is partner of Kienbaum Executive Consultants and managing director of the London office. www.kienbaum.co.uk

                                    (From Financial Times, August, 2000)

Questions:

•  In Sergey Frank's view, what is business communication like in the US?

•  How do you understand Sergey Frank's saying that “communicating is natural talent of Americans”?

•  What has more influence on business communication in US than anywhere else?

•  Make a brief account of a typical business communication or negotiation in US.

•  Why have so many joint ventures

Passage 4

Why the Monarchy Must Stay

It keeps politicians from holding all

The power By HAROLD BROOKS-BAKER

      Winston Churchill often described parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy as being imperfect- but the best that man had yet devised.

      It is human nature to require a leader at the helm. In our century we have looked to our heads of state for this role. Apart from carrying out ceremonial duties, a head of state should foster the notion of political accountability, while remaining above politics. That, of course, can't be true in places where the head of state is an ex-politician—or in America, where the head of state is the political leader. The British system of constitutional monarchy, like the more than half-dozen monarchies still in existence in Europe, aptly shows why a monarch is a more successful figurehead than a president.

      "In Great Britain things that are conventional become habitual, and things that are habitual become constitutional," wrote American historian George Brinton Cooper 40 years ago. In Britain the monarch remains very much at the heart of its Constitution. As constitutional monarch, Queen Elizabeth Ⅱ holds powers that may surprise many. She can choose a prime minister, dissolve Parliament and declare war. In reality, she waives these powers and is bound by tradition to accept the advice of Parliament. This system prevents politicians from too easily usurping power and, it may be argued, has prevented a dictator from dominating Great Britain since Oliver Cromwell' s short rule in the 17th century.

      It is one of the great strengths of monarchy that it has never taken sides in any political debate, that it shows itself, as an institution, to be evenhanded. This apolitical stance has made it possible for the political culture of Great Britain to assimilate, with relative ease, theories that would appear on the face of things to be radically at odds with a system of monarchical government-- for example, socialism. Monarchy in this century has worked with socialist governments as effectively as with those whose politics one might choose to think were more sympathetic to the institution.

      If one were to jettison the monarchy, government, Parliament, the nation and the commonwealth~ would be turned upside down. Every nut and bolt of every one of Britain's major institutions would have to be altered to make way for change. Bear in mind that every organ from

the post office to the armed services acts with authority from the monarch. The troops that are sent to Bosnia~ and the letters that arrive in one's letter box are all effectively Her Majesty's. This is a system that has shown itself to work--and it's generally agreed that if something works, it should be retained. Any replacement would be ruinously costly, both in financial terms and also in terms of the loss of a unifying national symbol and a vital historical link. Only a monarchy can provide such continuity, remaining constant in a country' s ever-changing national vision.

     British monarchy has served both the empire~ and the commonwealth with great distinction. It is easy to forget in Great Britain that Queen Elizabeth is head of state not only of one small island nation, but also of the 53 nations of the commonwealth, with a combined population of 1.5 billion. In short, she is head of state to more than one quarter of the earth's inhabitants. As such, she flies the world nurturing a sense of unity between nations. From this follows trade~, and a vital economic boost to the nation's industry and commerce. At home, monarchy is at the center of a multimillion-dollar tourist industry.

(And Elizabeth II donates more than $ 90 million a year to the treasury.) Monarchy adds dignity and historical relevance to all state occasions, and there can be no doubt that it is still more impressive to be met by a monarch than by a president.

      And yet monarchy is threatened because the idea of republicanism seems more democratic and less overtly hierarchical. After the "annus horribilis, ""Camillagate, ""Squidgygate''~ and other royal antics, support for the monarchy in Great Britain dropped to 38 percent. Yet these poll results stem largely from a confusion in the public mind between the words "monarchy" and "royal family.''~ In a monarchy there is only one person of importance: the reigning monarch. The public actions and statements of other members of the royal family—however laudable or distressing they may be--have no effect on the monarch's power or status. Nor should any individual' s character or conduct be confused with those of an institution of much longer standing. Monarchy's legitimacy flows from its history and traditions and from the fact that it cannot be overwhelmed by any short-lived cult of personality. It commands too much respect.

      Despite recent bursts of anti-monarchical feeling, however, it is still hard to discover a strong movement toward a republic~ in this country. There is still no focus for this opposition, nor has any popular political party taken up the call for the monarch's removal. Even The Independent, one of Britain's most respected broadsheet newspapers, in its call for a wider debate on this issue still advocated the retention of Queen Elizabeth as head of state until her death. Taken together, what does all this show? That people like things the way they are.

                           With THE HON. CAMILLA CAMERON

                                   (From Nezt,sweek, March 11, 1996)

Questions:

•  What was Mr. Churchill view on Britain's system of government? Do you agree with him?

•  What role does Queen Elizabeth Ⅱ play? Can she play a better role than an American president in a sense? Explain.

•  What power does Queen Elizabeth Ⅱ have? Does Her Majesty have the real power to choose a prime minister? Why or why not?

•  If the monarchy were abolished , what would things in Britain be like?

5. Do you know any scandals about some members of the royal family? Tell it specificly.

四、列举题

1. List 5 information about WTO.

2. List out 5 of the most famous American Newspapers.

3. List out 5 of the most famous English newspapers.

4. List any 5 kinds of Courts in American Judiciaries in English.

5. List out 5 types of titles of news.